A past participle is part of a conjugated
verb, either in a compound tense or in the passive voice, or an adjective.
In both cases, there are rules of agreement that apply.
When a past participle is used as an adjective, it obeys the rules of the
agreement of adjectives.
The past participle agrees in number and in gender with
the subject:
Marie s'est levée tôt.
In the case of a reflexive verb, the past participle agrees
if the reflexive pronoun is used as a direct object.
Elle s'est habillée.
Elle s'est vue dans le miroir.
There is also agreement when the pronoun is the direct
object of a reciprocical reflexive verb:
Sa soeur et elle se sont vues au petit déjeûner.
Son frère et elle se sont vus au petit déjeûner.
There is no agreement when the reflexive pronoun is not
a direct object:
Puis elle s'est brossé les cheveux.
(The direct object is: les cheveux, not s',
so there is no agreement.)
The passive voice is made with the verb être,
so there is always an agreement:
La souris est encore et toujours mangée par le chat;
la crème aussi est mangée par le chat.
In compound tenses, the verb être is conjugated
with avoir,
but it is still the verb être and the past participle must
agree in number and in gender with the subject.
On dit que la pauvre souris aurait été mangée
par le chat.
It is a little more difficult when a verb is conjugated
with avoir because the agreement is not automatic.
The participle does not vary when the pronoun is en (because en
is indefinite).
The past participle agrees in number and in gender with a preceding direct
object. This object can be a noun or a pronoun.
* In this case, of course, many people make the agreement because of the presence of une.
Goûté, goûtés,
goûtée and goûtées
sound alike. For all -er verbs , and for all verbs whose
past participle ends in a vowel, the differences between feminine and masculine,
singular and plural, appear only in writing.
It is easy enough not to make mistakes when writing because you can check
the spelling in a dictionary.
For other verbs (hardly a dozen in our Top 100!), all masculine forms sound
alike:écrit, écrits, all feminine forms sound alike:
écrite, écrites.
In the young generation, even the difference between masculine and feminine
is fading.
Don't worry!
Days are numbered for the agreement of the past participle.
Rewrite the following sentences in the passé composé:
Replace the noun by a pronoun and make all necessary changes:
Link each noun below with one of the following past participles:
ouvertes, acquises, surprises, conduits, produits, cuites, refaites, recouvert,
atteints, éteints, repeinte.
pommes, voyageurs, portes, richesses, biens, voleuses, toitures, buts, lampadaires, lit, pièce.