An adjective must agree in number and gender with the noun it describes.
When an adjective ends in -e, masculine
and feminine forms are the same. From abaissable to zymotique,
most adjectives end in a mute -e and therefore make no
problems.
Adjectives that end in a vowel, it's the case for most adjectives formed
from past participles (a conjugation that will be seen later) add -e.
This extra -e following a vowel is mute; there is no audible
difference between bleu and bleue, venu and venue, payé and payée.
Adjectives that end in a consonant add -e to the masculine
form to form the feminine.
The final consonant sound becomes audible in the feminine form; listen to:
,
,
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This rule also applies to present participles (a conjugation that will be
seen later).
A few
dozens adjectives have other rules.
Most adjectives form the plural by adding -s to their singular form, except when they end in -s or -x.
Their feminine plural is always regular.
In items 1 to 10, attributive
adjectives follow the noun.
Adjectives indicating colour, nationality, religion, profession and those
formed from a past or a present participle follow the noun. They describe
objective qualities.
Whereas in items 10 to 17, attributive
adjectives follow or precede the noun.
When the adjective is used to express subjectivity, it comes before the
noun.
What does petit mean? Nobody knows. The largest butterfly is a
small creature.
Beau is almost always before the noun because the quality it describes
does not exist without subjectivity. My idea of un beau garçon
may be different from yours.
When modified by an adverb, the adjective can follow the noun, as if the
adverb was an attempt to express objectivity: un garçon très
beau, but it does not exclude un très beau garçon.
Both are usual and good French but you must be aware that the meanings are
not exactly the same. The second version: un très beau garçon
presents itself as being a personal judgement. (French uses grammar to express
things that don't appear in the choice of vocabulary.)
Adverbs can modify any part of a sentence, even other adverbs. They are invariable.
Most adverbs are formed by adding -ment
to the feminine form of an adjective. In items 6, 10,
12 and 14 there are examples of adverbs
formed by adding -ment to the feminine form of the adjective:
vive and vivement, immédiate and immédiatement, fatale and
fatalement, folle and follement;
In items 9 you see example of -ment added
to a masculine form: the adjective vrai becomes the adverb vraiment.
That happens when the masculine form ends in a vowel. In a comparative manner,
the adjective gentil becomes the adverb gentiment. The
final l of gentil does not sound, so, phonetically,
the masculine form ends in a vowel.
There are true exceptions: gai changes in gaiement or
gaîment, and bref changes in brièvement.
Some adjectives ending in a mute -e transform it in é
before adding -ment:
énorme changes in énormément.
Adjectives ending in -ant change it for -amment:
courant changes in couramment.
Adjective ending in -ent change it for -emment:
patient and patiemment but the pronunciation remains the same as for -amment.
Exceptions: lent and lentement, présent and présentement,
véhément and véhémentement.
The placement of an adverb depends on what the adverb modifies.
- To modify a whole sentence: it begins it. Item 12: Fatalement
- To modify an adjective: it is in front of it . Item 7:
très
- To modify an adverb: it is in front of it. Item 13: vraiment
- To modify a verb: it follows it. Item 6:vivement.
If the verb has an object, the adverb follows the group verb+object. Item 10 immédiatement
An adverb never appears between a pronoun and a verb.
Reminder: indirect discourse indirectly reports someone's words: item 9.
To report an affirmative sentence, we generally use dire que or répondre que.
To report an interrogative sentence, we generally use demander si if the question does not contain an interrogative word.
If the direct question contains an interrogative word, it is used in the reported discourse.
When the verb in the introductory phrase is in the present or the future tense, the tense does not change in indirect discourse. That's the rule, but in actual speech you can only imagine circumstances in which you could have: x will say that x (or y) will do. To predict what somebody's words will be seems risky, except if you are rehearsing a play.
* Notice the change of pronoun. The first and second persons are generally replaced by the third person in indirect discourse.
A
phrase without a verb, or with a verb in the imperative, can't be put in
indirect course, at least not without some changes.
Le bandit dit: "Haut les mains!" can't be changed in
Le bandit dit que haut-les-mains.
Le caissier répond: "OK!" can't be changed in Le
caissier répond que OK.
In both cases, you must "invent" to complete the sentence:
Le bandit dit de lever les mains.
Le caissier répond qu'il est d'accord.
Restriction: in item 16 the negative structure ne...que means "only".
When a verb follows à, afin de, avant de,
de, pour, sans it is in the infinitive.
Notice how the pronoun, direct or indirect object, keeps its place before
the verb, even with the infinitive.
Notice how the pronoun, direct or indirect object, keeps its place before the verb, even with the infinitive.
The following adjectives normally precede the noun:
beau, bon, court, gentil, grand, gros, jeune, joli, haut,
long, mauvais, nouveau, petit, vieux + autre, meilleur, même.
The following adjectives precede or follow the noun:
amer, ancien, antique, âpre, bas, (bon), brave, célèbre,
certain, cher, dernier, différent, divers, énorme, excellent,
fameux, faux, formidable, honnête, magnifique, maigre, pauvre, prochain,
profond, propre, riche, sale, terrible, triste, vilain, vrai.
The meaning of the adjectives of these two lists depends
on the speaker's opinion. Who can define nouveau?