The passive is formed by adding the past participle to
the auxiliary verb être.
Être can be conjugated in the present: item 1,
or in the passé composé: items 2, 6,
(the pluperfect would be une scène avait été
jouée, le courrier avait été distribué),
in the future: item 3, etc; even in the subjunctive: item
9.
Unlike English, French passive cannot be used with intransitive
verbs. Direct transitive verbs can be conjugated in the passive except for:
avoir, comporter, coûter, posséder, pouvoir.
Some direct transitive verbs accept the passivation only in one of their
meanings:
courir, mesurer, peser.
As you can see above, you only need to know how to conjugate être
to form the passive.
With
être there must be an agreement between the grammatical subject
and the past participle.
The passive voice is easy to use as long as you don't forget some points:
The Passé Simple is never used in conversation.
The passé simple of -er verbs is formed by replacing the -er ending with the endings: -ai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent.
Rincer, commencer and other -cer verbs add
a cedilla to the c before a;
Manger, nager and other -ger verbs add e
before the vowel a.
Most verbs whose past participle ends in i form the passé simple by adding the endings: -s, -s, -t, (î)-mes, (î)-tes, -rent to the past participle.
Other verbs do not follow regular rules.
Anyway, you don't have to learn how to form the passé simple; you need only
to recognize it.
The Passé Simple designates a completed action in
the past.
Often, the background is in the Imperfect (which describes lasting elements)
and the event that happens is described in the Passé Simple:
Les nuages s'amoncelaient et soudain l'orage éclata.
(The clouds were banking up and the storm broke.)
The Passé Simple is not used in conversation, and
less and less used in literary contexts except for the singular and plural
third person forms that are used to precise who is talking in a written
dialog:
"Je suis fatiguée", murmura-t-elle.*
"Moi aussi", soupira André.
"C'est presque fini!" crièrent les entraîneurs.
Notice the letter t that allows the liaison.
When the verb of expression (parler, dire,
crier, etc) follows the direct discourse, the subject follows the verb.
(Lesson
1)
If the subject is a pronoun and the verb ends in a vowel, a t
must be inserted between the inverted verb and the pronoun.
The Imperfect Subjunctive is no more used, except for the
third person forms in written language by some snobbish scholars who make
fool of themselves. Do not use it unless you want your audience laugh to
death.
If you need to express something in the past, within a structure that wants
the subjunctive, use the past subjunctive: auxiliary verb in the subjunctive
+ past participle. (Cours11, sentence 11).
You just need to recognize the Imperfect Subjunctive.
| Etre | Avoir | Chanter |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
You know what? There is also a past perfect subjunctive!
You conjugate the auxiliary verb in the imperfect subjunctive and add the
past participle: nous eussions chanté, vous fussiez allés, etc.
Good news: even the snobbish scholars use over-compound past tenses no longer.
A pronominal verb has no passive voice because it is already
conjugated with être and also because a common way to express
the passive voice is by using the reflexive form of the verb (se + verb):
item 10.
Notice that the meaning is not always the same wether you use the usual
passive voice or not. Be careful when you use the pronominal form instead
of ordinary passive. The pronominal form can express a general truth.
Le lapin se chasse le matin sounds complete to a French
ear;
but le lapin est chassé le matin, although grammatically
correct and more or less understandable, sounds strange: it is not given
as a general truth and nevertheless it uses the definite article le.
Your French interlocutor waits for a development: by mixing a pronominal
form with a definite article, you promise a good story and your interlocutor
wonders what happens at night, when the rabbit comes back.
Les portes se ferment à 10 heures means that they
are still open at 1 to 10;
but les portes sont fermées à 10 heures
gives no information about their opening.
Monsieur Dupont est invité à la soirée
de Madame Durand means that he has received an invitation but he may
not be there at the moment the sentence is pronounced;Monsieur
Dupont s'invite à la soirée de Madame Durand means that
he comes without being asked to and is bad-mannered.